From insulin to tesiparatide: the evolution of diabetes drugs and new treatment options
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Diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases in the world, affecting the health of hundreds of millions of people. From the discovery of insulin in 1921 to the breakthrough of GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as tesiparatide) today, diabetes treatment drugs have undergone tremendous changes. Today we will take you through the century-long evolution of diabetes drugs and focus on how the new generation of GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as tesiparatide) are changing the landscape of diabetes treatment. If you or your family are looking for a safer and more effective diabetes management solution, this article will provide you with key information.
1. Milestones in diabetes treatment: from insulin to modern targeted drugs
1. Discovery of insulin (1921): The first revolution in diabetes treatment
Before the discovery of insulin, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) was almost a death sentence, and patients could only briefly prolong their lives through an extremely low-calorie diet. In 1921, Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best successfully extracted insulin from animal pancreases and used it to treat diabetic children for the first time. This discovery completely changed the fate of patients with type 1 diabetes and made insulin the cornerstone of diabetes treatment.
Limitations of insulin:
● Injection is required, and patient compliance is low
Higher risk of hypoglycemia
● For patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), long-term use may lead to weight gain
2. The era of oral hypoglycemic drugs (1950s-1990s): the rise of metformin, sulfonylureas and other drugs
As the incidence of type 2 diabetes has skyrocketed, scientists have begun to develop oral glucose-lowering drugs to reduce insulin dependence.
● Sulfonylureas (1950s) : They lower blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin, but they carry a higher risk of hypoglycemia.
● Metformin (discovered in 1957, widely used in 1995) : reduces glucose output from the liver and increases insulin sensitivity. It is still the first-line medication for type 2 diabetes.
● Thiazolidinediones (TZDs, 1990s) : Improve insulin resistance but may increase the risk of heart failure.
3. New breakthroughs in the 21st century: GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors
Entering the 21st century, diabetes treatment no longer focuses solely on blood sugar control, but also takes into account cardiovascular protection, weight management and kidney benefits .
● GLP-1 receptor agonist (launched in 2005) : lowers blood sugar by enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon, and delaying gastric emptying, while also helping with weight loss.
● SGLT-2 inhibitors (launched in 2013) : lower blood sugar by excreting sugar in urine and have cardiorenal protective effects.
2. GLP-1 receptor agonists: new hope for diabetes treatment
1. What is GLP-1
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a gut hormone that is secreted by intestinal L cells after eating. Its functions include:
✅Promote insulin secretion (blood sugar dependent, low risk of hypoglycemia)
✅Inhibit glucagon secretion (reduce liver sugar output)
✅Delay gastric emptying (increase satiety and help lose weight)
✅Protect β-cell function (delay the progression of diabetes)
2. Evolution of GLP-1 receptor agonists
|
drug |
Availability |
Features |
|
Exenatide (Byetta) |
2005 |
Short-acting, requires 2 injections per day |
|
liraglutide (Victoza) |
2010 |
Once-daily injection with clear cardiovascular benefits |
|
semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy) |
2017 |
Inject once a week, strong blood sugar reduction + weight loss |
|
Tirzepatide |
2022 |
GLP-1 + GIP dual receptor agonist, stronger blood sugar lowering and weight loss effects |
3. Tirzepatide: A new generation of “dual-target” hypoglycemic drugs
Tesiparatide (trade name Mounjaro ) is the first GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist . It was approved by the FDA in 2022 for use in type 2 diabetes and has shown amazing results in weight loss indications (clinical trials showed an average weight loss of 15%-22%).
Three major advantages of tesiparatide:
1. More effective blood sugar control : In the SURPASS clinical trial, the blood sugar-lowering effect of tesiparatide was better than that of semaglutide and insulin.
2. Significant weight loss effect : Many patients lose 10%-20% of their body weight after use, which is even better than simple GLP-1 drugs.
3. Potential cardiovascular and metabolic benefits : Studies show that it may reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
How to choose the most suitable diabetes medication
Diabetes treatment needs to be individualized , and the following should be considered when choosing medication:
✔ Blood sugar control target (HbA1c level)
✔Weight management needs (need to lose weight)
✔ Cardiovascular and renal risks (whether there is heart failure, chronic kidney disease)
✔Convenience of medication (oral or injection, daily or weekly)
🏆 Why choose us
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⚠️ Warm reminder: This article is for reference only, specific medication should be taken according to the doctor's advice.
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